Civilengineering-Ideas

Top 7 Scariest Bridges In The World

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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">                                        Bridges are built in almost every part of the
world. Bridges are usually build over rivers or canals or other bodies of water
to provide people safe passage. If you don’t have Acrophobia (fear of height)
then travelling through these bridges would be very exhilarating as well as scary.
Even the safest of the bridges would be at times scary and can give you goose
bumps. Civil engineers, architectures and designers work very hard to make
bridges safe and structurally sound. The following bridges are one of the
scariest bridges in the world, at the same time they are safe and fascinating
as well and depicts the great art of engineering and shows the hard work of the
civil engineers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 15.6933px;">7. Capiliano Suspension Bridge, Canada:<br /><br />                              </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Capiliano Suspension bridge is located in North Vancouver, a district of
Canada. The bridge was made in 1889 to cross the Capiliano River.  This Suspension bridge is at a height of 70
meters above the river and is 140 meters long. This bridge is a famous tourist
attraction and has been featured in many TV shows including MacGyver, The Crow
and Stairway to Heaven. This bridge swings when windy and there are many
stories of people falling from the bridge and died so watch out if you ever
happens to go there.</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px;"> <br />  </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 15.6933px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Royal Gorge Bridge, Colorado:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">                                                </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Royal
Gorge Bridge is located in a theme park in the fabulous city of Colorado. It
attracts tourism to the city since the bridge was the highest bridge in the
world located at a height of 928 meters until 2001 when it was surpassed by the
Liuguanghe Bridge in China. Royal Gorge Bridge is the 8<sup>th</sup> highest
bridge in the world and the highest Bridge in America. You can see great views
of the Colorado city driving across the Royal Gorge Bridge. The bridge is made
of approximately 1292 wooden planks which gives real scare as you drive across
the river, it feels like the bridge is shaking. The Bridge sways tremendous
amount of time due to constant wind. The bridge was completed in 1929 and
costed about 350,000 dollars.</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"> <br /> <br />      </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4MA1oIwUf-r-tbxUZuFm14Y4hwwsipcdJgnK7HBe6yyRPxvH2TOOiF7uLirC8QYgkuPKcChzsJJKn290CpNPqvPjw9TtfYM9xhj_89nEaTEOqkmCzlg03F2qDic57DV8wwR5Agl4xxus/s1600/Royal+Gorge+Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4MA1oIwUf-r-tbxUZuFm14Y4hwwsipcdJgnK7HBe6yyRPxvH2TOOiF7uLirC8QYgkuPKcChzsJJKn290CpNPqvPjw9TtfYM9xhj_89nEaTEOqkmCzlg03F2qDic57DV8wwR5Agl4xxus/s640/Royal+Gorge+Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />5. Langkawi
Sky Bridge:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 11pt;">                                      </span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Langkawi
Bridge is a 125 meters curved bridge located on Gunung Mat Chinchang peak, in
Malaysia. Langkawi Bridge may not be the longest bridge in the world, it sure
is the most exhilarating. It may be the fieriest one if you are afraid of
heights, located about 700 meters above sea level. Cable cars are the source
for reaching this high bridge which gives simply amazing and stunning views of
the Langkawi Island and is one of the major highlights of the island. Travelling
across the bridge can really give you goose bumps as the Bridge is only
supported by a single support with the help of cables and is only 1.8 meters
wide. An interesting thing about the construction of bridge is that the bridge
was constructed wholly on the ground before it was lifted to 700 meters above
sea level with the help of helicopters.</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">  .<br />  .</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDqkJlD_d7Uy5k8fD7oNYBhnlN_zpa8EoU1FmMhbI_LU-60SmUIdIB7G57wfUucwDgWF7rIxdnBaPtINwif2ix5Ha4Zg3fSaUWvs3rZyW80OELfL3pBm1PraD2P09gLMfHBftRiMwDQkE/s1600/langkawi+bridge+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDqkJlD_d7Uy5k8fD7oNYBhnlN_zpa8EoU1FmMhbI_LU-60SmUIdIB7G57wfUucwDgWF7rIxdnBaPtINwif2ix5Ha4Zg3fSaUWvs3rZyW80OELfL3pBm1PraD2P09gLMfHBftRiMwDQkE/s640/langkawi+bridge+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Glass Suspension Bridge:<br /><br />                               </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Glass Suspension Bridge
also known as the Brave Men Bridge is located in China. The walkway of the
glass suspension bridge is really scar as the glass is only 1 inch thick
supported on 590 feet crevice. The Brave Men Bridge is the longest bridge in
the world having a length of 984 feet. The bridge is made by a team of 11
engineers who claim that the bridge will not break even if people starts
jumping on it. But recently a crack appear on the glass when a tourist dropped
a thermos on it, after which the bridge was closed for some time for
maintenance.<br /> <br />  </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYLRo-c24PymrJP4OTItoB5YxUlVELQBv_5O_PWtjlvfv_btphm42LcUvwVchvUxZjoY0U6lZIZZpfBoPjt3S1IjfFOGmpr0Cg1sVo8fVKG3mRJfOwHdWkVEI6dzVPYy9VTgG6RcEd0s0/s1600/Glass+bridge+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYLRo-c24PymrJP4OTItoB5YxUlVELQBv_5O_PWtjlvfv_btphm42LcUvwVchvUxZjoY0U6lZIZZpfBoPjt3S1IjfFOGmpr0Cg1sVo8fVKG3mRJfOwHdWkVEI6dzVPYy9VTgG6RcEd0s0/s640/Glass+bridge+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3. The SiDu River Bridge:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
<br />                                  The
Sidu Bridge is the highest bridge in the world located in China. The length of
the bridge is about 1222 meters and is at a height of around 500 meters. The
bridge was the part of plan of a highway from Yichang and Chongqing and was
constructed at a cost of 100 million dollars on the Sidu River. The Bridge is
supported on two massive H-shaped towers on both ends and is suspended with
cables that has the capacity to carry a weight of 43 million tons each.<br /> <br />  </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUAwYQHOOkW8uTnr86MzF_vfTXA9be1pZSywM_ZMRpLQbR86ivwPILBwgbaNWaMJCjdD_HWz_AtcL8LC3bKkwLpa7YPNh4XLw-b933EDMk2lVeRkYiOW5Q9_3Zy70pyV9HommBnbHw4SM/s1600/Sidu+bridge+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUAwYQHOOkW8uTnr86MzF_vfTXA9be1pZSywM_ZMRpLQbR86ivwPILBwgbaNWaMJCjdD_HWz_AtcL8LC3bKkwLpa7YPNh4XLw-b933EDMk2lVeRkYiOW5Q9_3Zy70pyV9HommBnbHw4SM/s640/Sidu+bridge+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2. Hussaini Hanging Bridge, Pakistan:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
<br />                                            Husseini Hanging Bridge is located in Hunza Valley in Pakistan. The
Bridge which is made of wooden planks, is used for crossing the beautiful Borit
Lake. The bridge is one of the oldest bridges in Pakistan made by the locals
there as there was no other way of crossing the lake. The locals use this
bridge to cross the Borit Lake so they can travel to the big cities of northern
Pakistan. The bridge is supported by wires and ropes and there is gaps between
wooden planks and a lot of wooden planks are missing or poorly maintained,
which make it one of the scariest bridges of the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1. Trift Bridge Switzerland:<br />
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Bridge is the longest bridge in Switzerland that can be used by pedestrians
only. The bridge is 560 feet long located at a height of 100 meters. The bridge
is extremely unstable as it is known for swinging wildly when windy. The bridge
is made in a short duration of 6 months and is made of wood. Crossing the
bridge is really scary though it gives really amazing views of the Swiss Alps.
20,000 visitors annually crosses the bridge and to reach the bridge you have to
get a cable car that is in Meiringin.<br /> <br />  </span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQmMMoR_KQOo_ALYkYNTk-IW8ETtu4rxKdx_nlPBqF9UC0jzZoOQTVfGbmp0piVBVovCeVMrvjpTQpVGvOATXdyBD09gJ4I6QbrZxX_WGr7B0NLZ8GXiET4v6fLO9xpJjzIzwVxcbD8DM/s1600/trift+bridge+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQmMMoR_KQOo_ALYkYNTk-IW8ETtu4rxKdx_nlPBqF9UC0jzZoOQTVfGbmp0piVBVovCeVMrvjpTQpVGvOATXdyBD09gJ4I6QbrZxX_WGr7B0NLZ8GXiET4v6fLO9xpJjzIzwVxcbD8DM/s640/trift+bridge+1.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Top 7 Scariest Bridges In The World

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Future Mega Structures in Dubai

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 <b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 28.5333px;">Top future mega structures in Dubai.</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">             The rulers of United Arab Emirates have insane amount of money to spend and they are spending this money in one ambitious infrastructure project after another. At one point 24% of tall the construction cranes in the world were in Dubai.<br />            Dubai is already an impressive place and have left everyone behind as far as its gigantic buildings and mega structures are concerned. Dubai is a city of stunning building like Burj Khalifa, Dubai Fountains and Burj-e-Arab but whats coming will probably overshadows all these.<br />            <br />             Following is a list of the future mega projects in Dubai that will be even more remarkable.</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;"><br />  </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 25.68px;"><br />1. Aladdin City:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;"><br />                   </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The construction work on Aladdin city is set to start in 2016. Aladdin city comprises of 3 towers having 25-35 stories in each tower. The project which was announced in April 2014 have a length of about 450 m spread on Dubai Creek. The project will comprise of air-conditioned bridges with moving floor that will connect the three golden towers, drive-ways and parking lots.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">2. Dubai Frame:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />                   Dubai Frame is anticipated to be one of the top most tourists drawn location in the world which is expected to be completed till the end of 2015. The 500 by 300 foot frame is designed to give the tourists the view of the whole city. The one side of frame will give the view of old Dubai including areas like Bur Dubai and Deira and the other one will give the view of a more developed area of Dubai including the world’s tallest building Burj Khalifa and Burj Al Arab. There will be a viewing gallery on the top side of the frame and visitors will travel up and down the frame through an elevator made of glass.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJMbd2jRlC3fWOAitby7WwkygewMBekxHzuI6XwlYK8B9WhX5nEHeaOOZh7iRe23YFn3NkcY6538dYmulQPsh8t0cU3k9mfNW0B1afA1eOeDraawwVln7rI-rEP7oTD28U_v-xMdP900/s1600/dubai+frame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJMbd2jRlC3fWOAitby7WwkygewMBekxHzuI6XwlYK8B9WhX5nEHeaOOZh7iRe23YFn3NkcY6538dYmulQPsh8t0cU3k9mfNW0B1afA1eOeDraawwVln7rI-rEP7oTD28U_v-xMdP900/s640/dubai+frame.jpg" width="512" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />3. Dubai Water Canal:</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />                                      Dubai water canal is a water way that connects Business Bay with the Arabian Gulf. The project which was announced on 2 October 2013, will have 4 crystal lagoon towers including one shopping center, 4 hotels and 450 restaurants. The canal will be 3 kilometers long and 80-120 meters wide. The projects also involves the construction of an 8 lanes bridge on Sheikh Zayed Road and bridges on Al Wasl and Jumeirah Roads. The bridges will be 8.5 meters high and the canal will be 6 meters deep to allow the passing of yachts and marines. The project is currently under construction and is expected to be complete in 2017.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><br />4. Al Maktoum International Airport:<br />             </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Al Maktoum International Airport was opened on 27<sup>th</sup> June 2010 located in Jebel Ali. The Airport currently has a capacity of 7 million people travelling annually through the Airport but initiatives have been approved to expand the airport into the biggest hub in the world. The project is planned to be completed in 2021 and once completed the Airport will have 4 passengers terminals, 5 runways and an annual travelling capacity of 160 million making it the biggest Airport in the world, surpassing Dubai international Airport which has an annual travelling capacity of 75 million people.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><br /><br />5. Taj Arabia:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />             The new version of the Taj Mahal is going to be built in Dubai. Dubai authorities has announced to build replica of all the 7 wonders of world, in Taj Arabia (replica of Taj Mahal). The outside of the Taj Arabia will be exactly like the Taj Mahal only it will be 4 times bigger than the Taj Mahal. The project will cost 600 million dollars and will have 300 apartments and hotels. The Taj Arabia will also features the wonders of the world like the Eiffel Tower, Egyptian Pyramids and the Great Wall of China.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJk6BT4V3r5Pe3B_mkToEUWoNdCLa4eMfdmcSURSj1Vtqfw-Lejj-WJTBjGamO8qxcb-2-yEVMve6o22G_5edYGbygOjTeXPXKBAEt1CWbtK6MPHwTnAZ7PQOW-t5w6qUDocZe7TlCv-w/s1600/Taj+Arabia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJk6BT4V3r5Pe3B_mkToEUWoNdCLa4eMfdmcSURSj1Vtqfw-Lejj-WJTBjGamO8qxcb-2-yEVMve6o22G_5edYGbygOjTeXPXKBAEt1CWbtK6MPHwTnAZ7PQOW-t5w6qUDocZe7TlCv-w/s640/Taj+Arabia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><br />6. Pearl of Dubai:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />                  Pearl of Dubai is an under-water theme park. It will be the world largest under water tourism site in Dubai. It will be designed on the looks of two Hollywood blockbusters ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’ and ‘Avatar’ and the lost city of Atlantis. Pearl of Dubai will cost 4 billion dollars.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">7. The Universe:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />       The developers of Dubai has announced another multi-billion dollar project named ‘The Universe’. The Universe as the name suggests will comprise of several man constructed islands that will look like sun, moon, stars and other planets of the universe. ‘The Universe’ will comprise of 300 islands. The project was announced by the developers of Palm Islands and The World, Nakheel. The Universe will have residential apartments as well as commercial and tourism projects.</span></div>
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Future Mega Structures in Dubai

Top future mega structures in Dubai. The rulers of United Arab Emirates have insane amount of money to spend and they are s...

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Types of fluid flows

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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let
us discuss them one by one.<br />
<br />
Flows are broadly classified into the following three categories.<br />
<b><br />-  
   Laminar Flow<br /><br />-      Turbulent
Flow<br /><br />-      Transient Flow<br />
</b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnN8NoIEiazj_mQE6LA86v8-aQ7Mek-vpwucr1cMoU7dOfzg-gj4TIPk99WiNgvH9VMAMVXmGFfPKtFF-H1mqK9abEodt9Gd8Ai9LD97xfYfjn-DQaapnbRgKxRWiXK2hXTia1XU_u6k/s1600/Flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnN8NoIEiazj_mQE6LA86v8-aQ7Mek-vpwucr1cMoU7dOfzg-gj4TIPk99WiNgvH9VMAMVXmGFfPKtFF-H1mqK9abEodt9Gd8Ai9LD97xfYfjn-DQaapnbRgKxRWiXK2hXTia1XU_u6k/s1600/Flow.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">                 <b>In case of pipes.</b><br />           If Reynold’s No.  ≤ 2000.    The flow will be laminar.<br /><br />           If Reynold’s No.  > 2000.    The flow will be Turbulent.<br />
<br />               <b>In case of channels</b>.<br /><br /> If Reynold’s No.  ≤ 500       The flow will be laminar.<br /><br /> If Reynold’s No.  > 500.      The flow will be Turbulent.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T
DISTANCE</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
(between two sections):</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijw3CazLIwnGpEEWW_hi109a43MOpOZkjbOPHRk24Le-6dD12Zd4HvbNexkmHgvXrJOLBPAbh_wjtWJGEMVpVVXeT_ZMZgINIPC8Ky0IbYRp0QtFBBCE8IClmNBOJaA5FDViMH8GQyEpE/s1600/uni+non-uniform+flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijw3CazLIwnGpEEWW_hi109a43MOpOZkjbOPHRk24Le-6dD12Zd4HvbNexkmHgvXrJOLBPAbh_wjtWJGEMVpVVXeT_ZMZgINIPC8Ky0IbYRp0QtFBBCE8IClmNBOJaA5FDViMH8GQyEpE/s1600/uni+non-uniform+flow.png" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T TO
TIME:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyF28fLl62jQQ-lBurKfvKZYce8SJpwZB_rFWZsch3mo43LrN3Pvq1QfQXEY9goJiHUj2uwJwJXmSyFN_olT_FXMH18jEB8fAcTfjRPx-0WA9TmWj0mKDxpbxzW9HP1wwE5Z7xar-4JLc/s1600/stesdy+unsteady+flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyF28fLl62jQQ-lBurKfvKZYce8SJpwZB_rFWZsch3mo43LrN3Pvq1QfQXEY9goJiHUj2uwJwJXmSyFN_olT_FXMH18jEB8fAcTfjRPx-0WA9TmWj0mKDxpbxzW9HP1wwE5Z7xar-4JLc/s1600/stesdy+unsteady+flow.png" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T TO
DENSITY:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdQzFq2CR0Mhy7FvsTHUS1M6K0WqLOhsjIIHkTfJtKBf2uiI0gzyVwj14WS5tupaHKUI2eSimcOT8MmuIOjAXQLCcyI1hR3OL29RaPT5XPcIV0-hSROM2NEXMqgD-uj4N2v5TBFyuCCI/s1600/Com+INcom+Flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdQzFq2CR0Mhy7FvsTHUS1M6K0WqLOhsjIIHkTfJtKBf2uiI0gzyVwj14WS5tupaHKUI2eSimcOT8MmuIOjAXQLCcyI1hR3OL29RaPT5XPcIV0-hSROM2NEXMqgD-uj4N2v5TBFyuCCI/s1600/Com+INcom+Flow.png" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />           </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 25.68px;">DIFFERENCE</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<br />                Difference between uniform and
steady flow is that uniform flow is between two sections<br /><br />                 while steady flow is
at a particular section.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif;">
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Types of fluid flows

Let us discuss them one by one. Flows are broadly classified into the following three categories. - Laminar Flow - T...

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How to determine Manning's and Chezy's Coefficients for Laboratory Flume.

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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><w:sdt contentlocked="t" id="89512093" sdtgroup="t"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr><w:sdt docpart="2F182836FC234D059C1892EAE2BB3CA4" id="89512082" storeitemid="X_5F329CAD-B019-4FA6-9FEF-74898909AD20" text="t" title="Post Title" xpath="/ns0:BlogPostInfo/ns0:PostTitle"></w:sdt></span>
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Applications of Chezy’s and Manning’s Formulas.<o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OBJECTIVES: </span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-        To study the variation of
Chezy’s “C” and Manning’s “</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face";">”</span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> as a function of velocity in the
flume.<br />
-           To study the applications of Manning’s and
Chezy’s formulas.<br />
-           To investigate the
relationship between the Manning’s and Chezy’s coefficients for the flume</span>.<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apparatus
Used:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-          S-6 glass sided tilting flume.<br />
-          Point gauge with railing.<br />
-          Manometer<br />
-          Pump<br />
-          Intake tank<br />
-          Outlet</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flume:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
    <span style="font-weight: normal;">It is an open channel which is
supported on or above ground and is used for conveying water. It is in the form
of an open declined gravity chute whose walls are raised above the surrounding
terrain.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://civilengineering-ideas.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-fluid-flow-types.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Types of Fluid Flows</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Open Channel flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Steady Uniform flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Steady non-Uniform flow.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Non-Uniform flow.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Laminar flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Turbulent flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-   Transient flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
                             </span><a href="http://civilengineering-ideas.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-fluid-flow-types.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><i>Details</i></span></a></span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chezy’s
formula:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
              <span style="font-weight: normal;">Chezy’s formula was
presented in 1775. It states that:</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">                        Velocity is an
open channel is a function of hydraulics radius and slope of the channel bed.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">                          Mathematically
it is equal to:</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">                             V = C * sqrt(RS)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Where,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
V = Velocity of the flow</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
R = Hydraulic Radius</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C = Slope of Channel Bed</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C = Chezy’s Coefficient</span><br />
<br />
According to Kutler’s Formula.<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
C= sqrt(8g)/f</span><br />
<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manning’s
Formula:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br />
              <span style="font-weight: normal;">V = 1/ </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> *(R)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2/3</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> * (S)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1/2</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
Where,<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">V = Velocity of the flow<br />
R = Hydraulic Radius<br />
C = Slope of Channel Bed<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> = Manning</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">’</span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s Coefficient</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Hydraulic
Radius:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
            <span style="font-weight: normal;">The hydraulic radius is
defined as the measure of channel flow efficiency.<br />
<br />
                               R = A/P<br />
Where,<br />
      R = Hydraulics Radius.<br />
      A = Cross-sectional Area of flow.<br />
      P = Wetted Perimeter.<br />
  The efficiency of channel depends on
hydraulic radius. More will be the hydraulic radius more will be the efficiency
of channel.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Relationship
between Manning’s and Chezy’s Coefficient:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
<br />
           <span style="font-weight: normal;">Chezy Coefficient ‘C’ and
Manning’s Coefficient ‘</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">’ are inversely
proportional to each other.<br />
                     <br />
                                              
Chezy’s:<br />
                                                        
V = C * sqrt(RS)-------------Eq. (1)<br />
                                              
Manning’s:<br />
                                                        
V = 1/ </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> *(R)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2/3</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> * (S)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/2</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-------------Eq. (2)<br />
<br />
                                              
Comparing both equations:<br />
                                                    C * sqrt(RS) =
1/ </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> *(R)^2/3 * (S)^1/2<br />
<br />
                                                     
C = (R</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/6</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">/</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">     OR   
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> = (R</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)^</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/6</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">/</span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> C<br />
<br />
                                                           
C inversely proportional to </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ</span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">PROCEDURE:</span></b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">
-      Turn on the Apparatus.<br />
-      Allow the water in the flume to
stabilize so that the flow becomes uniform that is the depth and velocity of
flow becomes constant.<br />
-      Set the slope of the flow in the
glass tilted flume.<br />
-      Note the reading from the
manometer. The manometric head difference will give total discharge ‘V’<br />
-      Measure depth at 3 different
locations for each discharge value.<br />
-      Measure the hydraulic radius of
the area.<br />
-      Determine the roughness coefficients
of Manning’s and Chezy’s using their respective equations.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Results:</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">          <span style="font-weight: normal;">After the performance of experiment we can now easily answer the
question  that Do manning and chezy coefficients vary with discharge (at
the same water depths)?<br />
          Chezy's coefficient is directly proportional
to discharge while manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to
discharge.<br />
<br />
        The graphs between:<br />
<br />
-        Chezy coefficient and velocity.<br />
-        Manning coefficient and velocity.<br />
-        Chezy coefficient 'C' and Manning coefficient
'</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ȵ</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">'<br />
                     
             is shown below.</span></span><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeKdHNizPIYm8CKRpyus0eo-aD9y8Aau_0Uu4XAqiJi9l9khHxMQZba4efxq4B5YxCeOrgytodKVgLqxgjQNlqlmJIJd7u1gNX8aSUf2v_aFdzNynkvMtiZjfhwj5EYGvUnd381Zp6H4/s1600/graph+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeKdHNizPIYm8CKRpyus0eo-aD9y8Aau_0Uu4XAqiJi9l9khHxMQZba4efxq4B5YxCeOrgytodKVgLqxgjQNlqlmJIJd7u1gNX8aSUf2v_aFdzNynkvMtiZjfhwj5EYGvUnd381Zp6H4/s320/graph+1.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">           </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">This graph shows that manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to velocity 'V'</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFhu3GeV-IRl6kil2cVZPcyxXvrPlDmiKSiUgTH6s2wy11LH8YZEvDZP-hblyujo5n3Fm1SbXq2fN0-SyQrQsCwD2Kzhnto4BtnAs1fExtqg-534NAxVvP1lFm8vA3B-hUDVlkvaXLLs/s1600/graph+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFhu3GeV-IRl6kil2cVZPcyxXvrPlDmiKSiUgTH6s2wy11LH8YZEvDZP-hblyujo5n3Fm1SbXq2fN0-SyQrQsCwD2Kzhnto4BtnAs1fExtqg-534NAxVvP1lFm8vA3B-hUDVlkvaXLLs/s320/graph+2.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">This graph shows that Chezy's coefficient "C' is directly proportional to velocity 'V'.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVP7fvXO9Jr88PUEqH6N17oxLMA4R4CGrMMKtMc_DutQ1_6b8uKKb-U2hnI8mTAl0awBfDup9FKUQajkVuGb60sDN6uXvTfiam5LFJeHQetskvoVzrbuD4W5e2-GkCKx3kBJbkV09RQCc/s1600/Graph.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVP7fvXO9Jr88PUEqH6N17oxLMA4R4CGrMMKtMc_DutQ1_6b8uKKb-U2hnI8mTAl0awBfDup9FKUQajkVuGb60sDN6uXvTfiam5LFJeHQetskvoVzrbuD4W5e2-GkCKx3kBJbkV09RQCc/s320/Graph.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><br />This graph shows that manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to Chezy's Coefficient 'C'</span><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;" />                                          </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</h2>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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How to determine Manning's and Chezy's Coefficients for Laboratory Flume.

Applications of Chezy’s and Manning’s Formulas. OBJECTIVES: - To study the variation of Chezy’s “C” and Manning’s...

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Design of Concrete Mix by ACI method

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_vqpGTQbG18VPBRX6Eo1g4RYMEmEPQs3SvfTmuui0rssgGkOCCnxnVzTZRR2CNL85RRIgnnXS0DqfKhLqWw1i4jug_R1-Ow0C67vEUcLeBSU48_Pwjg0jZeJdkcojf6uPifKMDaAil04/s1600/tmp643.tmp_tcm77-1299959.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_vqpGTQbG18VPBRX6Eo1g4RYMEmEPQs3SvfTmuui0rssgGkOCCnxnVzTZRR2CNL85RRIgnnXS0DqfKhLqWw1i4jug_R1-Ow0C67vEUcLeBSU48_Pwjg0jZeJdkcojf6uPifKMDaAil04/s320/tmp643.tmp_tcm77-1299959.jpg" width="318" /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1842224815180088377" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">How to design a concrete
mix.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ACI
318 Method.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Concrete Mix Design<br /><br />
                   </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mix
design means the selection of suitable ingredients of concrete and their
relative quantities to obtain an economical concrete with values of certain
properties not less than their desired minimum values, such as<br />
1)   Workability<br />
2)   Strength<br />
3)   Durability<br />
4)   <a href="http://civilengineering-ideas.blogspot.com/2015/10/how-to-determine-consistency-of-cement.html" target="_blank">Consistency</a><br />
                                 The code criteria to be satisfied during a
mix design are the maximum water /cement ratio, maximum size of aggregate and
air contents within specified limits<br />
<br />
                                 A
concrete mix design should focus on three key issues:<br />
1).   Does the mix meet the performance
requirements of the specifications with respect to strength and other
characteristics such as shrinkage, permeability, w/cm ratio, etc.?<br />
2).   Is the trial batch test data
adequate to justify the strength?<br />
3).   Do the materials used comply with the project
requirements as evidenced by test results, certifications, and product data?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Type
of cement:<br />
                      </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
type of cement is selected depending upon the required rate of gain of
strength, the likelihood of chemical attack and the required thermal behavior.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Example
Problem:<br />
              </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
Known:<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Specified
strength                     = 20 MPa<br />
Required Slump                        =
50 mm<br />
Maximum size of aggregate     = 20 mm<br />
FM of fine aggregate                =
2.20<br />
Grading of aggregate as satisfied by by ASTM C33<br />
SSD specific gravity of fine and coarse aggregate    = 2.65<br />
Rodded bulk density of coarse aggregate                 = 1600 kg/cubic m</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
Absorption Capacity of coarse aggregate                 = 0.5 %<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Absorption
Capacity of fine aggregate                      =
0.7%<br />
Moisture Content of fine and coarse aggregate 
      = Zero<br />
Exposure Conditions = Normal <br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">             </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOLUTION:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b><br />Step 1:  
Specified Strength</b>.<br />
<br />          The first step is the
determination of specific strength <br />
           In this case the specified strength is
given as 20 MPa<br />
<b><br />Step 2:  
Type of Cement.</b><br />
<br />          Given exposure conditions are
normal, so it is better to use Portland cement.<br />
<b><br />Step 3:   Target Strength.</b><br />
<br />          Design
average strength = fcr = fc + 7.0<br />
                                                         
= 20 +7 = 27 MPa<br />
where,<br />
fc = Characteristic/Specified Strength of concrete.<br />
fcr = Target strength of concrete.<br />
Note:<br />
          Specified Strength is the
result of the actual compression testing done of properly prepared, cured and
tested samples.<br />
          Whereas, Target strength
implies what it was supposed to be, according to its designers.<br />
If previous statistical data is not given then, the required average strength
is determined according to the ACI code as follows:<br />
                  fcr  ≥ 
fc  +  7.0 MPa    
for        fc  ≤  21
MPa<br />
                  fcr  ≥ fc + 
8.5 MPa       for        fc 
=  21 to 35 MPa<br />
                  fcr  ≥ 1.1fc + 5.0 MPa   for       
fc  >   35 MPa<br />
<br />
<b>Step 4:    Water/Cement Ratio</b>.<br />
                                 Water/Cement
ratio of the concrete mix will depend upon the target strength of concrete mix.
The following table show the relationship between the two by proposed by ACI
Code.<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 66.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  Average Compressive strength at 28 days<br />
                           (MPa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
     Effective water/cement ratio by mass
  <br />
         for Non Air Entrained Concrete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.55<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.62<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.45in;" valign="top" width="331"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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As in our case the target strength is 27 MPa for which the required water/cement
ratio is not given so we will find the required value using interpolation.<br />
<br />                                    Strength                            
W/C ratio<br />
                                     30
MPa                                 0.55<br />
                                     27
MPa                                    ?<br />
                                     25
MPa                                 0.62<br />
<br />
                   W/C ratio   =    </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.55 </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">+ (0.62-0.55) / (30-25) </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0.59</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Step 5:<br />
     Water Content</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">.<br />
<br />    The water content of cement depends upon the
slump value and the maximum aggregate size. The following table shows the
relationship between them as proposed by the ACI code.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">   <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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 <tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
  <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Workability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Slump)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td colspan="6" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 361.45pt;" valign="top" width="482"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water Content of Concrete for Maximum Aggregate
  Size (mm) for Non-Air Entrained Concrete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30
  – 50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">205<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">185<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">180<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.3pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">160<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">80
  – 100<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">225<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">215<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">195<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.3pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">175<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">150
  – 180<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">240<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">210<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">205<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.3pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">185<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Approximate Entrapped Air Content
  Percent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  2.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  2.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  1.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.3pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  Recommended Avg. Air Content percent for<br />
  <b>Mild Exposure<br />
  Moderate Exposure<br />
  Extreme Exposure</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  4.5<br />
  6.0<br />
  7.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  4.0<br />
  5.5<br />
  7.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  3.5<br />
  5.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  3.0<br />
  4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.3pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  2.5<br />
  4.5<br />
  5.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
    So as in our case the mixing water
content for non-air entrained concrete with a slump of 50 mm and maximum
aggregate of 20 mm is <b>185 kg/cubic m</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(from table)<br />
<br />
<b>Step 6</b>:<br />
      The approximate entrapped air
content is <b>2%</b>.<br />
<b><br />Step 7:</b><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">   <b>Cement
Content.</b><br />
<br />      Cement content can be calculated by
the ratio between water content to W/C ratio.<br />
                        Cement Content =
Water Content / W/C Ratio<br />
                                                   = 185/0.59<br />
                                                  
= 314 kg/cubic meter<br />
<b>Step 8:</b><br />   Grading of coarse and fine aggregates
satisfy the requirements as proposed by ACI.<br />
<br />
<b>Step 9:<br />
Mass of Coarse Aggregate.</b><br />
<br />    It depends upon maximum size of aggregate and
fineness modulus of fine aggregate.<br />
    The following table shows the relation
as proposed by ACI.<br />
<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maximum Size of Aggregate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td colspan="8" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 430.55pt;" valign="top" width="574"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dry bulk volume of Rodded Coarse
  Aggregate per unit volume of concrete for fineness modulus of sand of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.59<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.68<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">70<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">150<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.8pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /><br /> In this case as maximum size of aggregate is 20 mm and fineness modulus of fine
aggregate is 2.20 So dry bulk volume of the aggregate per unit volume of
concrete  = <b>0.68</b>.<br />
<br />
             Volume of SSD coarse aggregate required
= 0.68 cubic m/cubic m of concrete<br />
<br />
             Mass of coarse aggregate    =    0.68 * 1600 (Rodded bulk density of coarse<br />
              aggregate)<br />
<br />             Mass of coarse aggregate    =    <b>1088 kg/cubic</b><br />
<br />
<b>Step 10:<br />
 Mass of fine aggregate</b>.<br /><br />Specific gravity of fine aggregate = Yf =  2.65<br /><br /> Water content = W = 185 kg/cubic m<br /><br /> Cement content = C = 314 kg/cubic m<br /><br /> Specific gravity of cement = Y = 3.15<br /><br /> Mass of coarse aggregate = Ac = 1088 kg/cubic m<br /><br /> Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = Yc = 2.65<br /><br /> Air content = 2 %<br />
<br />
Mass of fine aggregate = Yf [ 1000- ( W + C/Y + Ac/Yc + 10A )]<br />
<br />                                      = 2.65
[1000- ( 185 + 314/3.15 + 1088/2.65 + 20 )]<br />
<br />                                      = 755
kg/cubic m<br />
<br />
<b>Step 11:</b><br />
<br />   Extra water required for absorption of
Aggregate = 0.005 * 1088 (Ac) +  0.007 *
755 (Af)<br />
                                                                                 =
10.73 kg/cubic m<br />
   Total water content = 185 + 10.73 =
196 kg/cubic m<br />
<br />
<b>Note:</b><br /><br /> If excess water is present in the aggregate the required water is to be reduced
accordingly.<br />
<br />
<b>Step 12:</b><br />
<br />  The quantities of the mix of 1.0 cubic
m are as under:<br />
<br />    Cement                    :   314 kg/cubic m<br />
<br />    Fine aggregate        :  
755 kg/cubic m<br />
<br />    Coarse Aggregate   :  
1088 kg/cubic m<br />
<br />    Water                      :    196
kg/cubic m<br />
<br />
    <b>The mix ratio is as follows :</b><br />
<br />     Cement : Fine Aggregate : Coarse
Aggregate     =  314 : 755 : 1088<br />
                                                     
                            =     1  :
2.40 : 3.46<br />
<br />         Aggregate / Cement ratio   = 
5.87<br />
         W/C ratio     =   0.59</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

Design of Concrete Mix by ACI method

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