Civilengineering-Ideas: Hydraulics Engg

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Types of fluid flows

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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let
us discuss them one by one. 
 
Flows are broadly classified into the following three categories. 
 -  
   Laminar Flow -      Turbulent
Flow -      Transient Flow 
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnN8NoIEiazj_mQE6LA86v8-aQ7Mek-vpwucr1cMoU7dOfzg-gj4TIPk99WiNgvH9VMAMVXmGFfPKtFF-H1mqK9abEodt9Gd8Ai9LD97xfYfjn-DQaapnbRgKxRWiXK2hXTia1XU_u6k/s1600/Flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnN8NoIEiazj_mQE6LA86v8-aQ7Mek-vpwucr1cMoU7dOfzg-gj4TIPk99WiNgvH9VMAMVXmGFfPKtFF-H1mqK9abEodt9Gd8Ai9LD97xfYfjn-DQaapnbRgKxRWiXK2hXTia1XU_u6k/s1600/Flow.png" /></a> 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">                 In case of pipes.            If Reynold’s No.  ≤ 2000.    The flow will be laminar.            If Reynold’s No.  > 2000.    The flow will be Turbulent. 
                In case of channels.  If Reynold’s No.  ≤ 500       The flow will be laminar.  If Reynold’s No.  > 500.      The flow will be Turbulent. 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T
DISTANCE<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
(between two sections):<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijw3CazLIwnGpEEWW_hi109a43MOpOZkjbOPHRk24Le-6dD12Zd4HvbNexkmHgvXrJOLBPAbh_wjtWJGEMVpVVXeT_ZMZgINIPC8Ky0IbYRp0QtFBBCE8IClmNBOJaA5FDViMH8GQyEpE/s1600/uni+non-uniform+flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijw3CazLIwnGpEEWW_hi109a43MOpOZkjbOPHRk24Le-6dD12Zd4HvbNexkmHgvXrJOLBPAbh_wjtWJGEMVpVVXeT_ZMZgINIPC8Ky0IbYRp0QtFBBCE8IClmNBOJaA5FDViMH8GQyEpE/s1600/uni+non-uniform+flow.png" /></a> 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T TO
TIME:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyF28fLl62jQQ-lBurKfvKZYce8SJpwZB_rFWZsch3mo43LrN3Pvq1QfQXEY9goJiHUj2uwJwJXmSyFN_olT_FXMH18jEB8fAcTfjRPx-0WA9TmWj0mKDxpbxzW9HP1wwE5Z7xar-4JLc/s1600/stesdy+unsteady+flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyF28fLl62jQQ-lBurKfvKZYce8SJpwZB_rFWZsch3mo43LrN3Pvq1QfQXEY9goJiHUj2uwJwJXmSyFN_olT_FXMH18jEB8fAcTfjRPx-0WA9TmWj0mKDxpbxzW9HP1wwE5Z7xar-4JLc/s1600/stesdy+unsteady+flow.png" /></a> 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> TYPES OF FLOW W.R.T TO
DENSITY:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdQzFq2CR0Mhy7FvsTHUS1M6K0WqLOhsjIIHkTfJtKBf2uiI0gzyVwj14WS5tupaHKUI2eSimcOT8MmuIOjAXQLCcyI1hR3OL29RaPT5XPcIV0-hSROM2NEXMqgD-uj4N2v5TBFyuCCI/s1600/Com+INcom+Flow.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdQzFq2CR0Mhy7FvsTHUS1M6K0WqLOhsjIIHkTfJtKBf2uiI0gzyVwj14WS5tupaHKUI2eSimcOT8MmuIOjAXQLCcyI1hR3OL29RaPT5XPcIV0-hSROM2NEXMqgD-uj4N2v5TBFyuCCI/s1600/Com+INcom+Flow.png" /></a> 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">            DIFFERENCE<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 
                 Difference between uniform and
steady flow is that uniform flow is between two sections                  while steady flow is
at a particular section. 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 
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Types of fluid flows

Let us discuss them one by one. Flows are broadly classified into the following three categories. - Laminar Flow - T...

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How to determine Manning's and Chezy's Coefficients for Laboratory Flume.

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Applications of Chezy’s and Manning’s Formulas.<o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></div>
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OBJECTIVES: 
 
-        To study the variation of
Chezy’s “C” and Manning’s “ȵ” as a function of velocity in the
flume. 
-           To study the applications of Manning’s and
Chezy’s formulas. 
-           To investigate the
relationship between the Manning’s and Chezy’s coefficients for the flume. 
 
Apparatus
Used: 
 
-          S-6 glass sided tilting flume. 
-          Point gauge with railing. 
-          Manometer 
-          Pump 
-          Intake tank 
-          Outlet 
 
Flume: 
 
    It is an open channel which is
supported on or above ground and is used for conveying water. It is in the form
of an open declined gravity chute whose walls are raised above the surrounding
terrain. 
 
<a href="http://civilengineering-ideas.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-fluid-flow-types.html" target="_blank">Types of Fluid Flows</a> 
 
-   Open Channel flow 
-   Steady Uniform flow 
-   Steady non-Uniform flow. 
-   Non-Uniform flow. 
 
-   Laminar flow 
-   Turbulent flow 
-   Transient flow 
                             <a href="http://civilengineering-ideas.blogspot.com/2015/11/different-fluid-flow-types.html" target="_blank">Details</a> 
 
Chezy’s
formula: 
 
              Chezy’s formula was
presented in 1775. It states that: 
                        Velocity is an
open channel is a function of hydraulics radius and slope of the channel bed. 
                          Mathematically
it is equal to: 
                             V = C * sqrt(RS) 
Where, 
V = Velocity of the flow 
R = Hydraulic Radius 
C = Slope of Channel Bed 
C = Chezy’s Coefficient 
 
According to Kutler’s Formula. 
 
C= sqrt(8g)/f 
 
 
Manning’s
Formula: 
              V = 1/ ȵ *(R)^2/3 * (S)^1/2 
 
Where, 
 
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<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">V = Velocity of the flow 
R = Hydraulic Radius 
C = Slope of Channel Bed 
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> = Manning<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">’<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">s Coefficient 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Hydraulic
Radius:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> 
            The hydraulic radius is
defined as the measure of channel flow efficiency. 
 
                               R = A/P 
Where, 
      R = Hydraulics Radius. 
      A = Cross-sectional Area of flow. 
      P = Wetted Perimeter. 
  The efficiency of channel depends on
hydraulic radius. More will be the hydraulic radius more will be the efficiency
of channel. 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Relationship
between Manning’s and Chezy’s Coefficient:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> 
 
           Chezy Coefficient ‘C’ and
Manning’s Coefficient ‘<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">’ are inversely
proportional to each other. 
                     
                                              
Chezy’s: 
                                                        
V = C * sqrt(RS)-------------Eq. (1) 
                                              
Manning’s: 
                                                        
V = 1/ <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> *(R)^<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2/3<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> * (S)^<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/2<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-------------Eq. (2) 
 
                                              
Comparing both equations: 
                                                    C * sqrt(RS) =
1/ <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> *(R)^2/3 * (S)^1/2 
 
                                                     
C = (R<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)^<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/6<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">/<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">     OR   
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> = (R<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)^<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1/6<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">/<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> C 
 
                                                           
C inversely proportional to <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ȵ<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">. 
 
<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">PROCEDURE:<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> 
 
-      Turn on the Apparatus. 
-      Allow the water in the flume to
stabilize so that the flow becomes uniform that is the depth and velocity of
flow becomes constant. 
-      Set the slope of the flow in the
glass tilted flume. 
-      Note the reading from the
manometer. The manometric head difference will give total discharge ‘V’ 
-      Measure depth at 3 different
locations for each discharge value. 
-      Measure the hydraulic radius of
the area. 
-      Determine the roughness coefficients
of Manning’s and Chezy’s using their respective equations. 
 
Results:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">          After the performance of experiment we can now easily answer the
question  that Do manning and chezy coefficients vary with discharge (at
the same water depths)? 
          Chezy's coefficient is directly proportional
to discharge while manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to
discharge. 
 
        The graphs between: 
 
-        Chezy coefficient and velocity. 
-        Manning coefficient and velocity. 
-        Chezy coefficient 'C' and Manning coefficient
'<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ȵ<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">' 
                     
             is shown below.<span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"> 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeKdHNizPIYm8CKRpyus0eo-aD9y8Aau_0Uu4XAqiJi9l9khHxMQZba4efxq4B5YxCeOrgytodKVgLqxgjQNlqlmJIJd7u1gNX8aSUf2v_aFdzNynkvMtiZjfhwj5EYGvUnd381Zp6H4/s1600/graph+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeKdHNizPIYm8CKRpyus0eo-aD9y8Aau_0Uu4XAqiJi9l9khHxMQZba4efxq4B5YxCeOrgytodKVgLqxgjQNlqlmJIJd7u1gNX8aSUf2v_aFdzNynkvMtiZjfhwj5EYGvUnd381Zp6H4/s320/graph+1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
 
 
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           This graph shows that manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to velocity 'V'</div>
 
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFhu3GeV-IRl6kil2cVZPcyxXvrPlDmiKSiUgTH6s2wy11LH8YZEvDZP-hblyujo5n3Fm1SbXq2fN0-SyQrQsCwD2Kzhnto4BtnAs1fExtqg-534NAxVvP1lFm8vA3B-hUDVlkvaXLLs/s1600/graph+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLFhu3GeV-IRl6kil2cVZPcyxXvrPlDmiKSiUgTH6s2wy11LH8YZEvDZP-hblyujo5n3Fm1SbXq2fN0-SyQrQsCwD2Kzhnto4BtnAs1fExtqg-534NAxVvP1lFm8vA3B-hUDVlkvaXLLs/s320/graph+2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
 This graph shows that Chezy's coefficient "C' is directly proportional to velocity 'V'. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVP7fvXO9Jr88PUEqH6N17oxLMA4R4CGrMMKtMc_DutQ1_6b8uKKb-U2hnI8mTAl0awBfDup9FKUQajkVuGb60sDN6uXvTfiam5LFJeHQetskvoVzrbuD4W5e2-GkCKx3kBJbkV09RQCc/s1600/Graph.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVP7fvXO9Jr88PUEqH6N17oxLMA4R4CGrMMKtMc_DutQ1_6b8uKKb-U2hnI8mTAl0awBfDup9FKUQajkVuGb60sDN6uXvTfiam5LFJeHQetskvoVzrbuD4W5e2-GkCKx3kBJbkV09RQCc/s320/Graph.png" width="320" /></a></div>
 This graph shows that manning's coefficient is inversely proportional to Chezy's Coefficient 'C'                                            
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How to determine Manning's and Chezy's Coefficients for Laboratory Flume.

Applications of Chezy’s and Manning’s Formulas. OBJECTIVES: - To study the variation of Chezy’s “C” and Manning’s...

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